Magnetic Flux

Magnetic Flux

Magnetic flux $Phi$ quantifies how much of a magnetic field passes through a surface:

$Phi = BAcos heta$

• $Phi$ — magnetic flux (weber, Wb = V·s)
• B — magnetic field strength (T)
• A — area of the surface (m²)
• $heta$ — angle between B and the surface normal

The Cosine Factor

Why It Matters

Flux is the key quantity in Faraday's law of induction: a changing flux induces an EMF. It is also conserved — magnetic field lines that enter a closed surface must exit it (Gauss's law for magnetism: abla cdot ec{B} = 0).

Examples

Your Task

Implement magnetic_flux(B, A, theta_deg) returning $Phi$ in webers.