Torque

Torque

Torque is the rotational analogue of force. It measures how effectively a force causes rotation about a pivot:

$\tau = F r \sin(\theta)$

• $F$ — applied force (N)
• $r$ — moment arm — distance from pivot to point of application (m)
• $\theta$ — angle between force vector and the moment arm
• $\tau$ — torque (N·m)

When is torque maximum?

When $\theta = 90°$ (force perpendicular to the arm): $\sin(90°) = 1$, so $\tau = Fr$.

Pushing a door at the handle (far from hinge, $\theta = 90°$) is far more effective than pushing near the hinge or pushing at an angle.

Newton's 2nd Law for Rotation

$\tau_{\text{net}} = I \alpha$

where $I$ is the moment of inertia and $\alpha$ is angular acceleration — the rotational analogue of $F = ma$.

Examples

Your Task

Implement torque(F, r, angle_deg) returning torque in N·m.